Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to explore the factors behind Ukraine's rejection of the peace proposal suggested by Indonesian Defence Minister Prabowo Subianto at a global defence ministers' forum in June 2023. The objective is to understand Ukraine's concerns and to propose potential adjustments that could make future peace proposals more acceptable to both Ukraine and Russia, contributing to a more balanced conflict resolution.
Study Design/Methodology/Approach: The research employs an explanatory qualitative approach, analyzing information from documents, journals, books, and other relevant scientific literature. The study focuses on Ukraine's response to Subianto's peace proposal and examines the geopolitical and sovereignty-related reasons for its rejection.
Findings: The findings reveal that Ukraine's rejection stemmed from concerns that the proposal favored Russia and compromised Ukrainian sovereignty. The study concludes that Indonesia’s peace proposal would require significant adjustments to address these sovereignty issues, ensuring a fair and balanced approach that would not impose undue burdens on Ukraine.
Originality/Value: This study contributes to the discourse on peace-building and conflict resolution by offering insights into the complexities of international mediation. It highlights the importance of fair and balanced proposals in resolving geopolitical conflicts and provides recommendations for improving future initiatives to mediate between Russia and Ukraine effectively. The study offers valuable perspectives for policymakers and international mediators seeking to facilitate sustainable peace agreements
INTRODUCTION
Russia's military invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2024
was basically triggered by geopolitical motives, as Russia felt its sovereign
territory was threatened by the NATO alliance's ambition to expand its
membership to Ukraine. In order to realize this plan, at the NATO Summit that
took place in Bucharest, Romania in 2008, NATO countries with the full support
of the United States declared their political support that Georgia and Ukraine
would be considered for NATO membership
Since the declaration, Ukraine has been eager to become a
member of NATO and establish close ties with its member states. The Ukrainian
and NATO military forces are engaged in military cooperation with each other,
the Ukrainian government is also preparing all domestic legal instruments to
support Ukraine's move to become a NATO member, and Ukraine even received a
comprehensive aid packages from NATO countries to strengthen their defense and
security sectors
Ukraine's relationship with NATO and all its activities
really makes Russia feel uncomfortable. This is quite reasonable because
geographically, Ukraine is a former Soviet Union country, Russia's closest
country, arguably Russia's backyard. According to the data, Russia-Ukraine is
about 400 kilometers from the border of Northern Ukraine
Neither NATO nor Ukraine has actually ignored Russia's
concerns. They have even increasingly shown provocation by sending NATO
military forces to the Eastern European region either to hold military
exercises with Ukraine or simply stand guard around the borders of Ukraine and
NATO member countries in Eastern Europe. Responding to the actions of NATO and
Ukraine, Russia has actually asked NATO to withdraw their troops from Eastern
Europe and they are allowed to conduct military exercises and deploy troops only
with Russia's permission. The Russian request was apparently rejected by NATO
Russia's warning, which NATO ignored, further worsened
Russia-Ukraine relations and also Russia-NATO relations. After months of
military tensions and failed diplomatic efforts by NATO countries to reduce the
tension of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia finally took a firm stance by
carrying out a full-scale invasion of Ukraine. The two countries engaged in
open warfare with each other
The Russia-Ukraine conflict has had a systemic impact on the
world order. The conflict has triggered a humanitarian crisis and caused
serious shocks to the international political economy. The negative impact is
not only felt by the two countries involved in the conflict. However, other
countries in the European region and other countries outside the European
region such as Asia, Africa, America are also affected
According to data, Russia's invasion of Ukraine led to a
humanitarian crisis in which more than 7 million Ukrainians were displaced and
more than 4.7 million were displaced. Furthermore, of the 7.5 million children
in Ukraine, 4.3 million (57 percent) were displaced, 1.8 million children (24
percent) fled to neighboring countries and 2.5 million children (33 percent)
were displaced within Ukraine. Economically and in terms of trade, the
Russia-Ukraine conflict caused food and energy prices to rise. In detail, coal
prices rose 60 percent, European natural gas prices rose more than 30 percent,
wheat prices rose 40 percent, crude oil prices rose to 130 USD per barrel and
then fell to 110 USD per barrel
Responding to the world conditions that were seriously
affected by the Russia-Ukraine war, Indonesia then tried to take part in
contributing to solving world problems both when Indonesia was in official
multilateral forums such as the G20, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC)
and when it was outside the official state forum which was informal in nature
such as in seminars and dialog events.
In an effort to realize world peace as mandated by the
constitution, some time ago, at the International Institute of Strategic
Studies (IISS) Shangri-La Dialogue forum which took place in Singapore on June
3, 2023, the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto
submitted a proposal to resolve the Russia-Ukraine conflict
After going viral and causing polemics, it was later
revealed that the peace proposal submitted by Prabowo Subianto did not
represent the official stance of the Indonesian state because when the contents
of the proposal were presented, it was not with the knowledge of President of
the Republic of Indonesia Joko Widodo (Jokowi). However, what was presented by
Defense Minister Prabowo at the forum of defense ministers of countries around
the world has been perceived by the international public as an Indonesian
initiative and President Jokowi later did not dispute it and even supported it
because according to him, what Prabowo presented was only an ordinary proposal,
just a dialogue, seminar, not a state forum or negotiation forum
The proposal ultimately failed to serve as a viable solution
or resolution to the conflict. This article seeks to examine the underlying
reasons and factors behind Ukraine's rejection of Prabowo's peace proposal. The
issue of peace and Indonesia's contribution to global order, as mandated by the
constitution, is a matter of significant importance that requires careful
consideration. A comprehensive study and involvement of relevant authorities
are essential in formulating a policy package or draft proposal on behalf of
Indonesia. Such an initiative cannot be developed by a single official or an
internal team alone; it must arise from discussions and consensus among
national stakeholders and receive the president's approval as the nation's
highest leader
This research aims to find the appropriate formula for
crafting a peace proposal that would be acceptable to both Russia and Ukraine,
thereby contributing to a peaceful resolution of their conflict. By
understanding the reasons for Ukraine's veto and addressing the concerns
related to sovereignty and fairness, this study hopes to provide insights into
the formulation of effective peace initiatives. Such initiatives should be
rooted in balanced diplomacy and the collective consensus of national and international
stakeholders, ensuring a durable and just resolution to the Russia-Ukraine
conflict.
LITERATURE REVIEW
### Literature Review
The proposal put forward by Prabowo Subianto at the
International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS) Shangri-La Dialogue has
ignited significant debate and analysis within the international community
regarding its implications for the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict. This
section reviews relevant literature to contextualize the rejection of Prabowo's
peace proposal by Ukraine and examines the factors contributing to this
outcome.
#### Diplomatic Initiatives and Conflict Resolution
Diplomatic efforts to resolve international conflicts often
involve complex negotiations and delicate balancing acts between conflicting
parties. According to Bercovitch and Jackson (2009), successful conflict
resolution requires the identification and addressing of underlying grievances
and the establishment of trust-building measures among adversaries. However,
diplomatic proposals must also respect the sovereignty and interests of all
parties involved to gain acceptance and facilitate lasting peace (Licklider,
1995).
#### National Sovereignty and Conflict Dynamics
The concept of national sovereignty plays a pivotal role in
shaping states' responses to external threats and interventions. Sovereignty
entails not only territorial integrity but also the exercise of political
authority and self-determination (Jackson, 2007). Violations of sovereignty,
such as military incursions or territorial disputes, often escalate tensions
and fuel conflicts, as seen in the case of the Russia-Ukraine conflict
(Huntington, 1993).
#### Role of International Mediation and Multilateralism
International mediation efforts can serve as crucial
mechanisms for resolving conflicts by providing neutral facilitators and
platforms for dialogue (Wallensteen & Svensson, 2014). Multilateral
institutions, such as the United Nations and regional organizations, also play
essential roles in promoting peace and stability by facilitating diplomatic
negotiations and implementing conflict resolution mechanisms (Keohane &
Nye, 2001).
METHODS
The research method employed in this article is qualitative,
with a case study approach. This approach allows for a detailed exploration and
understanding of the factors influencing Ukraine's rejection of Prabowo
Subianto's proposed resolution to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Data utilized in this study are sourced exclusively from
secondary sources obtained from authoritative institutions. These sources
ensure the validity and credibility of the data, providing a solid foundation
for the analysis presented in this journal article.
The data presentation method adopted is explanatory,
systematically elucidating the reasons behind Ukraine's firm rejection of the
proposed conflict resolution. Central to this analysis is the concept of
sovereignty, which is defined as the exclusive right to exercise supreme
political authority—encompassing legislative, executive, and judicial
powers—over a defined geographical area, a group of people, or oneself
By employing the concept of sovereignty as an analytical
framework, this study investigates how Ukraine's territorial integrity, a
fundamental aspect of its sovereignty, was compromised by Russia's military
incursion into its legally recognized territory. This violation prompted
Ukraine's robust defense against Russian militias, perceived as encroaching
upon its sovereign rights. The
qualitative nature of this research method allows for a nuanced exploration of
the geopolitical dynamics and the intricate interplay of sovereignty in the
context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION
The Outbreak of Russia's Invasion
of Ukraine and Indonesia's Role in Mediating the Russia-Ukraine Peace
Russia officially launched military aggression into
Ukraine just three days after it recognized Luhansk and Donetsk as independent
and sovereign republics. Russia's recognition of Luhansk and Donetsk was
followed up by Russia sending military forces assigned as peace keepers to
support the people and military in Luhansk and Donetsk whose sovereignty had
been recognized by Russia
From Russia's perspective, defending sovereign Luhansk
and Donetsk from Ukrainian military attacks is permissible under UN Charter
Article 51. In the event of a military attack by a UN member state, the article
gives a state the right to defend itself individually or collectively
From Ukraine's point of view, Russia's military attack
on Ukraine is certainly not justified. After all, Ukraine is a sovereign state
that is free to determine all fate and domestic and foreign policies without
being affected by any intervention from anyone. The UN Charter clearly
guarantees this. This is stated in Article 1 paragraph 2 of the UN Charter
which states that one of the objectives of the establishment of the United
Nations (UN) is for member states of the UN to develop friendly relations among
nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and
self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to
strengthen universal peace
Furthermore, Russia's aggression against Ukraine is
essentially inseparable from Russian President Vladimir Putin's ambition to
make Ukraine part of Russia's political territory (Ratten, 2023). More
specifically, Russia's objectives in invading Ukraine are threefold: to take
control of the capital city of Kiev, to overthrow the Ukrainian government, and
to replace the Ukrainian government with a pro-Russian government
More specifically, based on an article titled on The
Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians written by Vladimir Putin himself,
the Russian President has ambitions to restore and reunite the glory of Ancient
Russia which according to him consisted of three countries, namely Russia,
Belarus and Ukraine
Russia's military invasion of Ukraine inevitably
invited international reactions and responses. The UN through the General
Assembly on March 2, 2022 has issued a resolution urging Russia to stop illegal
military aggression and withdraw all troops from Ukraine. This UN resolution
was supported by 141 countries, 5 countries rejected, and 35 countries were
absent
As a country
committed to the value of peace and the sovereignty of a country's territory,
Indonesia is among the 141 UN member states that agreed to demand Russia to
stop the military invasion of Ukraine. Not satisfied with just that, Indonesia
through President Jokowi took a bilateral approach by directly visiting the two
countries involved in the war and meeting with each head of state (President
Zelensky and President Putin). Starting from President Jokowi's visit to
Ukraine on June 29, 2022 and then visit to Russia on June 30, 2022
During the visit
to Ukraine, Indonesia provided humanitarian assistance in the forms of
medicines and commitment to reconstruct hospitals damaged in Ukraine due to the
war. And to President Putin, President Jokowi conveyed Indonesia's neutral
stance, does not have any interests except humanitarian and peaceful missions,
Indonesia hopes that the Russia-Ukraine war can be ended immediately. On that
occasion, President Jokowi also conveyed a message from President Zelensky and
was ready to become a bridge of communication between the two
Indonesia's seriousness in realizing
Russia-Ukraine peace continued when President Jokowi attended the G7 Summit in
Hiroshina Japan on May 21, 2023. On that occasion, President Jokowi met
President Zelensky and conveyed the commitment that Indonesia is ready to
become a mediator of Russia-Ukraine peace
The Substance of Prabowo's Proposal in the Resolution of the Russia-Ukraine Conflict
While speaking at the IISS
Shangri-La Dialogue forum in Singapore on June 3, 2023, Indonesian Defense
Minister Prabowo Subianto conveyed several important points of the proposal to
resolve the Russia-Ukraine conflict, including: Cessation of hostilities as
soon as possible, ceasefire, establishment of a demilitarized zone as far as 15
kilometers from the positions of Russian-Ukrainian troops, assignment of UN
peace keepers to monitor the demilitarized zone, holding a referendum in the
disputed area of Russia-Ukraine. All these proposals were immediately rejected
by Ukraine. In fact, Ukrainian Defense Minister Oleksii Reznikov, who was
present and listened directly to Prabowo's speech, considered Indonesia's
proposal strange and stated that the proposal looked like a Russian proposal
plan and was not even considered to represent Indonesia's plan
Furthermore,
according to Ukrainian Foreign Ministry Spokesman Oleg Nikolenko, the rejection
of Prabowo's peace proposal is because for Ukraine, Russia has launched
aggression by occupying Ukrainian territories so any ceasefire proposal will
only strengthen the Russian side. Furthermore, he stated that there is no
territorial dispute between the Russian Federation and Ukraine so why hold a
referendum. From Ukraine's perspective, Russia has committed war crimes, crimes
against humanity and genocide. It is believed that Russia will use all means to
disrupt Ukraine's counter-attack against Russia
This is the
concrete reason why Ukraine is reluctant to accept the peace proposal presented
by Prabowo Subianto. If examined more carefully, Ukraine's objection does make
sense and can be accepted by common sense. There will be no sovereign country
that will be relieved if its sovereign territory is invaded and occupied by
another country. Ukraine as a sovereign state has full sovereignty that cannot
be interfered with by anyone. Conceptually, sovereignty can be understood as
the exclusive right to exercise ultimate political authority (legislative,
executive, judicial) over a geographical area, a group of people or over
themselves
From this understanding, it is very clear that geographical territory is a crucial part of a country's sovereignty so it becomes very natural that a sovereign state entity will do everything possible to fight to defend its territorial sovereignty. In the context of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, Russia's military invasion of Ukraine's jurisdiction is a clear violation of Ukraine's sovereignty, causing the Ukrainian military to fight an all-out battle against Russian militias who are considered as intruders of its sovereignty. On this basis, the author considers that it is very reasonable for Ukraine to loudly ignore the Indonesian peace proposal proposed by Defense Minister Prabowo.
Critical Examination of
Prabowo's Proposed Peace Plan for the Russia-Ukraine Conflict
Since Russia officially launched a special military operation
against Ukraine on 24 February 2022, several Ukrainian sovereign territories
have fallen to Russia, including Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, Kherson, and
Mariupol
Every independent sovereign nation has full sovereignty over its
territory. Prabowo's idea of demilitarisation requiring Ukrainian forces to
retreat 15 kilometres or 10 miles from their current positions is highly
detrimental to Ukraine. From their perspective, why should they retreat 15
kilometres when the territory is their absolute sovereignty? Supporting this
idea would be absurd and sacrifice Ukraine's national interests. Indeed, the
current situation shows that Ukrainian Forces have begun to successfully repel
Russian forces and reclaim territories previously controlled by Russia, such as
Bakhmut, and Kharkiv, around Kherson
Image
1. Map of Russian Military Dominance and Control over Ukrainian Territory
Source:
The ideas of demilitarisation, a referendum, and the deployment of
UN peacekeeping forces proposed by Prabowo Subianto are not new in the context
of conflict resolution involving state actors. The solution of demilitarisation
was once applied to dampen the escalation of the Korean War that divided Korea
into North Korea, supported by the Soviet Union, China, and South Korea,
supported by the United States. Even now, the conflict between them continues
Moreover, There has been an interesting analysis by Radityo Dharma
Putra, an international relations academic from Airlangga University Surabaya,
regarding the rejection of all contents of Indonesia's peace proposal by
Ukraine. According to him, Ukraine rejected the Indonesian proposal proposed by
Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto because it was not in accordance with
Indonesia's principles and did not consider the historical and political
context of the Eastern European region. In a more detailed analysis, he
explained that Indonesia's ceasefire proposal was unfounded. According to him,
there is no guarantee that Russia will stop attacking Ukraine. Since the
beginning of the war, many ceasefire attempts have been made by other
countries, especially Turkey. However, there were no results. There are at
least three reasons according to Radityo that hinder the Russia-Ukraine
ceasefire.
First, Russia has not stopped its military aggression despite
ongoing negotiations. Secondly, Ukraine is traumatized by the massacre
committed by Russian troops against residents in Bucha. Third. Russia is known
by Ukraine to never keep its promises. According to Radityo, a ceasefire should
be emphasized first on Russia to stop attacks and withdraw its military
personnel.
In addition, according to him, before a ceasefire occurs, there
usually needs to be security guarantees from other countries for Ukraine as a
victim or Russian aggression. After that, negotiations can only proceed. As for
the proposal to withdraw troops as far as 15 kilometers and establish a
demilitarized zone, according to him this is not logical. Ukraine is not in an
emergency or urgent position so the idea of demilitarization will harm Ukraine.
Previously, the President of Ukraine said that Ukraine was ready to
counterattack Russia so that Indonesia's proposal to stop the Ukrainian attack
and withdraw seemed unnatural to Ukraine. The demilitarization proposal was
rejected by Ukraine because it could be considered a gift to Russia. As a
result, Ukraine will lose its sovereign territory if Russia is allowed to
attack and afterwards is given the freedom to annex the territory it controls.
This, according to him, is clearly contrary to the principle of territorial
integrity.
Meanwhile, regarding the referendum proposal proposed by
Indonesia, according to Radityo, the idea is also inappropriate because in the
Russia-Ukraine war there are no territories that are in dispute status. The
fact that happened according to him is that the Ukrainian territory (Crimea)
has been forcibly annexed by Russia since 2014. According to him, the
referendum can only be realized if all Ukrainians in the area where the
referendum will be held return from refugee camps and then they can declare their
choice, provided that the referendum is facilitated by the UN.
The Eastern European expert further stated that the Indonesian
proposal submitted by Defense Minister Prabowo did not reflect Indonesia's
neutral stance as Indonesia has shown in recent periods through the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. He regretted that the substance of Indonesia's peace proposal
did not place Russia as the aggressor and instead weakened Ukraine's bargaining
position. According to him, the overall proposal is biased in favor of Russia
while at the same time trying to be a neutral mediator.
Encouraging the Restoration of Ukrainian Sovereignty
The territorial sovereignty of a country is the most principal
aspect of a state's existence. If even a small part of a country's geographical
territory is reduced because it is occupied, annexed, or forcibly taken through
illegal means by a foreign state entity, the consequences are severe.
The outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war, triggered by Russia's
ambition to control Ukrainian territory, which was met with fierce resistance
by Ukraine and its allies, clearly demonstrates that sovereignty is a very
sensitive issue. If this becomes a dispute, the solution must be wise, not
benefiting one party and disadvantaging the other. With this, pushing for a
peaceful resolution of the Russia-Ukraine conflict is a necessity for global
stability. However, the approach must be correct, and the instruments must be
accurate.
Indonesia's initiative to offer a proposal to resolve the
Russia-Ukraine conflict through Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto was in
principle a good step even though it was ultimately rejected by Ukraine. A
month before Ukraine rejected Indonesia's proposal, Ukraine had actually
rejected a peace proposal offered by China
Ukraine objected to one of the points of China's proposal concerning
territorial sovereignty and believed that it could potentially harm Ukraine as
a result of having to lose its sovereign territory considering that the
proposal narrative does not require Russia to leave Ukrainian territory and
does not demand that Russia surrender the territory it occupies to Ukraine.
From Ukraine's rejection of China's proposal, Indonesia should learn that the
basic key to resolving the Russia-Ukraine conflict from Ukraine's perspective
is a matter of territorial integrity. As a UN member state bound by the UN
Charter, Ukraine has the right to defend its territorial integrity and other
countries are obliged to respect it.
Following Ukraine's rejection of the Chinese and Indonesian peace
proposal, one corrective step for Indonesia in improving the proposed
resolution of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which was rejected by Ukraine, is to
encourage the restoration of Ukrainian sovereignty. This means that Ukraine's
sovereign rights over its territory must be returned as before. This is
important because, after all, Ukraine is a sovereign state entity that also has
reason and feelings that as a member of the world community, it also deserves
basic rights, such as the right to sovereignty over its legal territory.
Furthermore, Indonesia must openly declare readiness to be a third party, along
with others such as the UN, to mediate the peaceful resolution of the
Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Indonesia must actively encourage both Russia and Ukraine to
negotiate with each other to accelerate the resolution of the conflict
peacefully, justly, and with a commitment to respecting each other's
territorial sovereignty. Indonesia once had a great experience in reconciling
the Vietnam-Cambodia conflict through the Jakarta Informal Meeting. Indonesia
has also experienced success in reconciling the Moro National Liberation Front
(MNLF) conflict with the Philippine government.
CONCLUSION
The Russia-Ukraine conflict was basically triggered by
Russia's insecurity over NATO's ambition to make Ukraine a member of the
defense alliance. Russia considers that Ukraine's membership plan with NATO
will threaten its sovereign territory. Based on the national interest of
defending the safety of its people, Russia then launched a military invasion of
Ukraine so that the two were involved in open warfare. The Russia-Ukraine
conflict then had a serious impact on humanitarian, economic, political
aspects, and threatened world stability.
In order to realize world peace affected by the
Russia-Ukraine conflict, Indonesia took the initiative by submitting a proposal
for peaceful resolution of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Unfortunately, the
proposal was rejected by Ukraine.
Ukraine's refusal to accept the peace resolution
proposal for the Russia-Ukraine conflict offered by Indonesian Defence Minister
Prabowo Subianto in practice can be understood as Ukraine's firm objection to
the points within it, such as the formation of a 15-kilometre demilitarised
zone, the deployment of UN peacekeeping forces, and the conduct of a
referendum. From Ukraine's perspective, the content of Prabowo's proposal is
deemed to disadvantage Ukrainian sovereignty and benefit Russia.
This precedent is somewhat disruptive to Indonesia's
role and standing under President Jokowi's leadership, who had previously built
a commitment through bilateral diplomacy with both the President of Ukraine,
Volodymyr Zelensky, and the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, that Indonesia
is ready to mediate the resolution of the Russia-Ukraine conflict. However, the
opportunity to continue taking steps towards peacefully resolving the conflict
between the two countries has not yet closed.
Learning from the case of Ukraine's rejection of the
peace proposal offered by Defence Minister Prabowo Subianto, Indonesia under
President Jokowi must realise that Indonesia's peace proposal will be accepted
by Ukraine if the content of the conflict resolution with Russia is conducted
fairly, peacefully, and does not harm Ukrainian sovereignty.
As stated by President Jokowi after hearing a direct
clarification from Defence Minister Prabowo about the peace proposal for
Russia-Ukraine he presented at the dialogue forum in Singapore on 3 June 2023,
Indonesia is committed to respecting the territorial sovereignty of other
countries. Concerning this, the author believes, Indonesia needs to boldly
advocate for the restoration of Ukrainian sovereignty as a manifestation of
Indonesia's commitment to Article 2 of the UN Charter, which obliges every UN member
state to respect the territorial sovereignty of other UN countries.
Moreover, Indonesia also needs to approach and
convince Russia that respecting the territorial integrity of a country is the
key to harmonious international relations. That no country, including Russia,
wants its sovereignty to be disturbed, hence mutual respect for the sovereignty
of other countries is a must for every state entity.
Indonesia's successful experience as a mediator in resolving the Vietnam-Cambodia conflict decades ago could be replicated by Indonesia, provided Indonesia truly wants to be a bridge for conflict resolution that benefits all warring parties, not making the conflicting countries feel disadvantaged because their sovereignty is lost and disturbed. This means that both Russia and Ukraine must feel satisfied, and happy, and accept the solution offered by Indonesia. If this happens, then Indonesia is rightfully considered a country that has succeeded greatly in reconciling Russia and Ukraine.
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